343 research outputs found

    Automatic Control in Combinded Wastewater Treatment Plants

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    Some problems in biological wastewater treatment control are discussed. The reason for control is disturbances, and some important operational problems are described. The control means available for an activated sludge process are considered. Available dynamical models are reviewed briefly and a survey of current practice in control is given

    Swedish Experiences of Instrumentation and Control of Wastewater Treatment Plants

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    Automatic Control in Wastewater Treatment Plants

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    Process dynamics and control in biological waste water treatment operations are considered. Particular emphasis has been put on the control of dissolved oxygen and its spatial distribution in activated sludge aerators. It is demonstrated how dissolved oxygen profiles can be used for the estimation of the biodegradable load. Aspects of the control of chemical precipitation are discussed as well

    Aspectual pairs of recently borrowed verbs in Russian

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    The topic of this dissertation is the formation of aspectual pairs of modern loan verbs in Russian. The questions it aims to answer are which aspectual affixes (prefixes and/or suffixes) are used to form aspectual pairs and what are the reasons behind the choice of aspectual affix? The dissertation consists of four articles and an introductory section (“summary”). The summary discusses theoretical issues regarding verbal aspect, aspectual pairs, and loan verbs, as well as the results of the four articles and my interpretation of the results. Article I is an observational study of verbs borrowed into Russian during the 20th century and their aspectual pairs in nine dictionaries aimed at a general audience. The most common perfectivizing prefix in this study is za-, with 17 verbs. In second place is s-, in third place pro-, and the fourth most common prefix is ot-. After these prefixes, the prefix po- is attested for two verbs, and attested with one single verbare na-, o-, and raz-. Article II reports on an experiment in which 120 native Russian speakers were asked to form perfective counterparts of a number of loan verbs, most of which are related to new technologies from the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The participants read constructions with a light verb (or “compensator verb”) and a noun or company name written in italics, and were asked to form a synonymous verb in the same aspect as the light verb. An example is postavitÂŽ lajk ‘press “like” [=the “like” button on social media sites or apps]’, to which most respondents answered lajknutÂŽ ‘like’. The most common perfectivizing affixes for the 19 perfective verbs in the experiment turned out to be -nu- and za-, followed by pro-, ot-, and s-. The results of this study furthermore indicate that prefix variation is common in recent loan verbs in Russian, as no verb in the study showed 100% agreement by all participants in the choice of aspectual affix. The two last articles discuss prefix variation in loan verbs, i.e. imperfective verbs with two or more corresponding perfective verbs. Article III is a case study of the verb guglitÂŽ ‘google’ and semantic differences between its corresponding perfectives zaguglitÂŽ, naguglitÂŽ, poguglitÂŽ, and proguglitÂŽ on the basis of the co-occurrences (adverbs and direct objects) in Russian mass-media texts collected from the Integrum mass-media database. Article IV is written in Russian and is concerned with prefix variation in a broader sense: stylistic, diachronic, and semantic facets of prefix variation, including prefix variation in loan verbs. It also contains two small corpus analyses. The first shows that some prefixed loan verbs have become outdated, which indicates that prefix variation can also be a diachronic phenomenon. The other is a small co-occurrence study, similar to that in in Article III, on the verbs zaĆĄeritÂŽ, poĆĄeritÂŽ, and rasĆĄeritÂŽ, aspectual correlates to ĆĄeritÂŽ ‘share (often: on social media, on the internet)’, which show smaller semantic differences than the verbs in Article III za-/na-/po-/proguglitÂŽ ‘google’. A hypothesis that has guided the work in this dissertation and in all articles is that prefixes in aspectual pairs are not purely aspectual, “empty” markers of perfective aspect, but rather express a specific semantic element also present in the base verb. This hypothesis, called the “overlap hypothesis”, is especially visible in verbs with a spatial meaning and in verbs with prefix variation, where different prefixes underline different semantic nuances of the base verb. A few prefixes (za-, s-, pro- and ot-, as well as the suffix -nu-) have broad meanings and are used in a number of different verbs with different meanings, whereas other, “small” prefixes are used in fewer verbs, with more specific, often spatial, meaning.VenĂ€jĂ€n kielen uusien lainaverbien aspektiparit TĂ€mĂ€n vĂ€itöskirjan aiheena on lainaverbien aspektiparien muodostaminen nykyvenĂ€jĂ€ssĂ€. VĂ€itöskirja pyrkii vastaamaan seuraaviin kysymyksiin: mitĂ€ affikseja (prefiksejĂ€ tai suffikseja) kĂ€ytetÀÀn aspektiparien muodostuksessa nykyvenĂ€jĂ€ssĂ€ ja miksi juuri nĂ€itĂ€ affikseja kĂ€ytetÀÀn? VĂ€itöskirja koostuu neljĂ€stĂ€ tieteellisestĂ€ artikkelista ja johdannosta. Johdanto kĂ€sittelee kieliteoreettisia kysymyksiĂ€ venĂ€jĂ€n verbiaspekteista, aspektipareista, lainaverbeistĂ€ sekĂ€ vĂ€itöskirjan neljĂ€n artikkelin tuloksia. Johdannossa on myös tutkimustulosten analyysi. Artikkeli I on havainnollinen tutkimus 1900-luvun lainaverbeistĂ€ venĂ€jĂ€n kielessĂ€ ja niiden aspektipareista yhdeksĂ€n laajalle kĂ€yttĂ€jĂ€kunnalle suunnatun sanakirjan mukaan. Yleisin kĂ€ytetty aspektuaalinen prefiksi tĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa on za-, joka esiintyy 17 verbin yhteydessĂ€. Toisena on s-, kolmantena pro- ja neljĂ€nneksi yleisin aspektuaalinen prefiksi on ot-. VĂ€hemmĂ€n yleisiĂ€ ovat prefiksit po-, na-, o- ja raz- sekĂ€ suffiksi -yva-. Artikkelissa II kuvataan koeasetelmasta saatuja tuloksia. Kokeeseen osallistui 120 henkilöÀ, joiden Ă€idinkieli oli venĂ€jĂ€. HeitĂ€ pyydettiin muodostamaan perfektiiviset parit uusille lainaverbeille, joista suurin osa kuuluu tekniikan alaan ja on lainattu venĂ€jÀÀn 2000-luvulla tai 1900-luvun lopulla. Kokeen osallistujat nĂ€kivĂ€t rakenteita, joissa oli ns. ”kompensaattoriverbi” ja kursivoitu substantiivi. NĂ€mĂ€ he muuttivat yhdeksi verbiksi, jolla on sama merkitys ja aspekti kuin kompensaattoriverbillĂ€. Esimerkiksi rakenteesta postavitÂŽ lajk ’paina ”tykkÀÀn” [”tykkÀÀn”-painike sosiaalisessa mediassa - verkkosivustoilla tai sovelluksissa]’ useimmat osallistujat muodostivat verbin lajknut’. Kokeen yleisimmĂ€t affiksit olivat -nu- ja za-, sitten seurasivat pro-, ot- ja s-. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat myös, ettĂ€ prefiksivaihtelu on yleistĂ€ uusissa lainaverbeissĂ€: yhdenkÀÀn verbin yhteydessĂ€ kaikki koehenkilöt eivĂ€t valinneet samaa aspektiprefiksiĂ€. Kahdessa viimeisessĂ€ artikkelissa kĂ€sitellÀÀn lainaverbien prefiksivaihtelua, eli tapauksia, joissa imperfektiivisen aspektin verbillĂ€ on kaksi tai useampia eri prefiksillĂ€ muodostettuja perfektiivisiĂ€ aspektipareja. Artikkeli III on tapaustutkimus verbistĂ€ guglitÂŽ ’googlettaa’, sen perfektiivisistĂ€ pareista zaguglitÂŽ, naguglitÂŽ, poguglitÂŽ ja proguglitÂŽ ja niiden semanttisista eroista. Tutkimus perustuu nĂ€iden verbien kollokaatioihin (adverbit ja suorat objektit) Integrum-tietokannasta poimituissa venĂ€lĂ€isissĂ€ mediateksteissĂ€. Artikkeli IV on kirjoitettu venĂ€jĂ€ksi ja se kĂ€sittelee prefiksivaihtelua laajemmasta nĂ€kökulmasta, prefiksivaihtelun eri ulottuvuuksia kuten tyylieroja, diakronista kielenmuutosta ja semanttisia eroja. Se sisĂ€ltÀÀ myös kaksi pientĂ€ korpustutkimusta. EnsimmĂ€inen niistĂ€ osoittaa, ettĂ€ jotkut prefiksin avulla muodostetut lainaverbit ovat vanhentuneet eivĂ€tkĂ€ ole enÀÀ kĂ€ytössĂ€ nykyvenĂ€jĂ€ssĂ€. Toinen on samanlainen kollokaattitutkimus kuin artikkelissa III, tĂ€llĂ€ kertaa prefiksiverbeistĂ€ zaĆĄeritÂŽ, poĆĄeritÂŽ ja rasĆĄeritÂŽ, jotka tulevat sanasta ĆĄeritÂŽ ’jakaa (usein sosiaalisessa mediassa tai InternetissĂ€, sana tulee englannin kielen sanasta share)’. NĂ€illĂ€ verbeillĂ€ ei ole yhtĂ€ suuria semanttisia eroja kuin verbeillĂ€ za-/na-/po-/proguglitÂŽ 'googlettaa'. VĂ€itöskirjatyöskentelyĂ€ on ohjannut hypoteesi, ettĂ€ aspektien muodostamisessa kĂ€ytettĂ€vĂ€t prefiksit eivĂ€t ole ”puhtaasti aspektuaalisia” tai ”tyhjiĂ€â€ aspektimerkkejĂ€, vaan ne ilmaisevat jotakin semanttista komponenttia, joka on jo olemassa verbivartalossa. Hypoteesi tunnetaan nimellĂ€ ”overlap hypothesis” (suomeksi: ”pÀÀllekkĂ€isyyshypoteesi”) ja se nĂ€kyy selkeimmin verbeissĂ€, joilla on spatiaalinen merkitys, ja verbeissĂ€, joilla on prefiksivaihtelu, jolloin eri prefiksit korostavat alkuperĂ€isen verbin erilaisia semanttisia vivahteita. Jotkut prefiksit (za-, s-, pro- ja ot- sekĂ€ suffiksi -nu-) sisĂ€ltĂ€vĂ€t paljon eri merkityksiĂ€, ja niitĂ€ kĂ€ytetÀÀn monissa verbeissĂ€, joilla on erilainen merkitys. Muita, “pieniĂ€â€ prefiksejĂ€ kĂ€ytetÀÀn pienemmĂ€ssĂ€ mÀÀrĂ€ssĂ€ verbejĂ€, joilla on tarkempi, usein spatiaalinen merkitys.Aspektpar hos nya lĂ„nverb i ryska Denna avhandling handlar om hur aspektpar av lĂ„nverb i modern ryska bildas. Avhandlingen söker besvara följande frĂ„gor: vilka affix (prefix och/eller suffix) anvĂ€nds i bildandet av nya aspektpar och vilka Ă€r orsakerna bakom valet av affix? Avhandlingen bestĂ„r av fyra vetenskapliga artiklar samt en inledande kappa. Kappan behandlar övergripande teoretiska frĂ„gor om verbaspekt i ryska, aspektpar, lĂ„nverb samt resultaten av de fyra artiklarna och analys av deras resultat. Artikel I Ă€r en observationsstudie över verb som lĂ„nats in i ryskan under 1900-talet och deras aspektpar enligt nio stora ordböcker som Ă€r skrivna för allmĂ€nheten. Det vanligaste aspektuella prefixet i denna studie var za-, med 17 verb. PĂ„ andra plats kom s-, pĂ„ tredje plats pro- och det fjĂ€rde vanligaste aspektuella prefixet var ot-. Mindre vanligt förekommande var prefixen po-, na-, o- och raz- samt suffixet -yva-. Artikel II beskriver resultaten av ett lingvistiskt experiment dĂ€r 120 deltagare med ryska som modersmĂ„l ombads att bilda perfektiva motsvarigheter till en mĂ€ngd moderna lĂ„nverb, varav de flesta hör till den teknologiska sfĂ€ren och Ă€r bildade pĂ„ 2000-talet eller i slutet av 1900-talet. I experimentet fick de deltagande se konstruktioner med ett sĂ„ kallat ”kompensatorverb” och ett kursiverat nomen, som de skulle skriva om till ett verb med samma betydelse och aspekt som kompensatorverbet. Ett exempel Ă€r postavitÂŽ lajk ’trycka ”like” [”gilla”-knappen pĂ„ sociala medier – hemsidor eller appar]’, vilket de flesta deltagande skrev om till lajknutÂŽ ’gilla, lajka’. De vanligaste aspektuella affixen för de 19 perfektiva verben i studien var -nu- och za-, följda av pro-, ot- och s-. Vidare tyder studiens resultat pĂ„ att prefixvariation Ă€r vanligt i nya lĂ„nverb, dĂ„ inget verb uppvisade hundraprocentig enighet bland de deltagande i valet av aspektuellt affix. De tvĂ„ sista artiklarna diskuterar prefixvariation i lĂ„nverb, det vill sĂ€ga nĂ€r ett imperfektivt verb har tvĂ„ eller flera perfektiva motsvarigheter, bildade med olika prefix. Artikel III Ă€r en fallstudie av ett verb: guglitÂŽ ’googla’ och de semantiska skillnaderna mellan dess motsvarande perfektiva verb zaguglitÂŽ, naguglitÂŽ, poguglitÂŽ och proguglitÂŽ. Studien utgĂ„r frĂ„n dessa verbs kollokater (adverb och direkta objekt) i ryska massmedietexter hĂ€mtade frĂ„n databasen Integrum. Artikel IV Ă€r skriven pĂ„ ryska och behandlar prefixvariation ur ett nĂ„got större perspektiv, olika uttryck av prefixvariation sĂ„som stilistiska skillnader, diakron sprĂ„kförĂ€ndring och semantiska skillnader. Den innehĂ„ller dessutom tvĂ„ mindre korpusstudier. Den första visar att vissa prefigerade lĂ„nverb har blivit omoderna och inte anvĂ€nds i modern ryska, och den andra Ă€r en kollokatstudie liknande den i Artikel III pĂ„ de prefigerade verben zaĆĄeritÂŽ, poĆĄeritÂŽ och rasĆĄeritÂŽ som kommer av ĆĄeritÂŽ ’dela (ofta pĂ„ sociala medier eller pĂ„ internet, av engelskans share)’. Dessa verb uppvisar inte fullt lika stora semantiska skillnader som verben i Artikel III: za-/na-/po-/proguglitÂŽ ’googla’. En hypotes som vĂ€glett arbetet med avhandlingen Ă€r att aspektuella prefix inte Ă€r rent aspektuella eller ”tomma” aspektmarkörer. De uttrycker i stĂ€llet nĂ„gon semantisk komponent som redan finns i verbstammen. Den hĂ€r hypotesen kallas â€Ă¶verlappningshypotesen” och syns tydligast i verb med rumsbetydelse och i verb med prefixvariation, dĂ€r olika prefix understryker olika semantiska nyanser hos verbstammen. Ett smĂ€rre antal prefix (za-, s-, pro- och ot- samt suffixet -nu-) har en mĂ€ngd olika betydelser och anvĂ€nds i mĂ„nga verb med olika betydelser, medan andra, ”mindre” prefix anvĂ€nds för ett mindre antal verb med mer specifik, inte sĂ€llan rumslig, betydelse

    Digital Simulation of Spatial Xenon Oscillations

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    Activated Sludge Dynamics : Static Analysis

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    State of the Art in Sewage Treatment Plant Control

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    In this survey the state of the art of wastewater treatment system control is presented. Instrumentation, dynamical models, and identification applications are reviewed. Current practice in control is described, and computerization of wastewater treatment plants is discussed. Biological treatment systems have been emphasized. The interactions between unit processes and between the sewage treatment plant and the sewer network are also considered

    Water interactions

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    During the last two decades, the interrelationship between water and energy has become recognized. Likewise, the couplings to food and agriculture are getting increasingly obvious and alarming. In the last year, a record number of extreme weather events have been reported from most parts of the world. This is a visible demonstration how consequences of climate change must be understood and alleviated. The impacts of economics, lifestyle, and alarming inequalities are becoming increasingly recognisable. If the wealthy part of the world is not willing not make radical changes it does not matter what the less wealthy half of the global population will do to meet the climate and resource crisis. The purpose of the book is to demonstrate and describe how climate change, water, energy, food, and lifestyle are closely depending on each other. It is not sufficient to handle one discipline isolated from the others. This is the traditional ĂŹcomponent viewĂź. The book defines and describes a systems view. The communications and relationships between the ĂŹcomponentsĂź have to be described and recognized. Consequently, the development of one discipline must be approached from a systems perspective. At the same time, the success of the systems perspective depends on the degree of knowledge of the individual parts or disciplines. The catchphrase of systems thinking has been caught in the phrase, ĂŹThe whole is more than the sum of its partsĂź. The idea is not new: the origin of this phrase is to be found already in AristotleĂ­s Metaphysics more than 2300 years ago. The text may serve as an academic text (in engineering, economics, and environmental science) to introduce senior undergraduate and graduate students into systems thinking. Too often education encourages a ĂŹsiloĂź thinking. Current global challenges canĂ­t be solved in isolation; they depend on each other. For example, water professionals should have a basic understanding of energy issues. Energy professionals ought to understand the dependency on water. Economic students should learn more how economy depends on natural resources like energy and water. Economics must include the environmental impact and ecological ceiling of economic activities

    Simplified models of xenon spatial oscillations

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    Clean Water Using Solar and Wind

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    The aim of Clean Water Using Solar and Wind is to make water professionals aware of the possibilities that solar photo-voltaic (PV) and wind offer to bring, not only clean energy but also clean water to remote and rural areas in Africa and developing Asia as well as in many peri-urban areas in the developing world. These areas are located outside the conventional electric grids and a grid connection is usually not economically feasible. The systems are scalable and can be designed to any size, from the household level to village and community levels. It also means that more capacity can be readily added when demand increases
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